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miércoles, 28 de mayo de 2008

ALEJANDRO ROMUALDO: EL CONSTRUCTOR DE SUEÑOS, Juan Cristóbal



El pueblo peruano y su poesía están de duelo. Acaba de apagarse la voz de uno de sus más grandes exponentes: Alejandro Romualdo. En momento tan duro, BOSQUE DE PALABRAS, se suma a ese dolor. Y, a manera de homenaje, publicamos la siguiente semblanza, que firma el poeta Juan Cristóbal.



Alejandro Romualdo, (Trujillo, 1926) Premio Nacional de Poesía 1945, ilumina con sus sueños y poemas las llagas cotidianas de nuestra patria. “De esta sociedad no puedo esperar nada”, repite mientras nos revela el mundo con las brasas y ternuras de sus libros, siempre tan rebeldes y apasionantes como su creador.


Autor de libros importantes: La Torre de los Alucinados (1951), Mar de Fondo (1951), España Elemental (1952), Como Dios Manda (1967), Cuarto Mundo (1970), El Movimiento y el Sueño (1971) y también polémicos, como Edición Extraordinaria (1958), que hizo decir a Vargas Llosa y al crítico José Miguel Oviedo, en tono feroz, que ese “no era un libro de poesía sino de política”, a pesar de que en esa obra está uno de los mejores poemas de la literatura hispanoamericana, “Canto Coral a Túpac Amaru, que es la libertad”, que aquí reproduzco:


CANTO CORAL A TÚPAC AMARU QUE ES LA LIBERTAD


“Yo ya no tengo paciencia para aguantar todo esto”

Micaela Bastidas


Lo harán volar
Con dinamita. En masa
Lo cargarán, lo arrastrarán. A golpes
Le llenarán de pólvora la boca.
Lo volarán:

¡Y no podrán matarlo!


Lo pondrán de cabeza. Arrancarán
Sus deseos, sus dientes y sus gritos.
Lo patearán a toda furia. Luego
Lo sangrarán:

¡Y no podrán matarlo!


Coronarán con sangre su cabeza;
Sus pómulos, con golpes. Y con clavos
Sus costillas. Le harán morder el polvo.
Lo golpearán.

¡Y no podrán matarlo!


Le sacarán los sueños y los ojos.
Querrán descuartizarlo grito a grito.
Lo escupirán. Y a golpe de matanza
Lo clavarán.

¡Y no podrán matarlo!


Lo pondrán en el centro de la plaza,
Boca arriba, mirando al infinito.
Le amarrarán los miembros. A la mala
Tirarán.

¡Y no podrán matarlo!


Querrán volarlo y no podrán volarlo.
Querrán romperlo y no podrán romperlo.
Querrán matarlo y no podrán matarlo.


Querrán descuartizarlo, triturarlo,
Mancharlo, pisotearlo, desalmarlo.
Querrán volarlo y no podrán volarlo.
Querrán romperlo y no podrán romperlo.
Querrán matarlo y no podrán matarlo.


Al tercer día de los sufrimientos,
Cuando se crea todo consumado,
Gritando: ¡Libertad! Sobre la tierra,
Ha de volver.

¡Y no podrán matarlo!


La vida de Romualdo ha sido una violenta ráfaga de hostigamientos, incomprensiones, persecuciones -políticas y literarias-, sin embargo siempre estuvo en primera fila defendiendo las causas más nobles de los pobres del país. Obviamente, el estado no ha comprendido su grandeza literaria. De esto da fe su experiencia militante y su fe siempre permanente en el socialismo. A pesar del reconocimiento unánime, y no sólo a nivel continental, el poeta jamás pidió nada, sino al contrario, dio todo para ayudar a construir las esperanzas y los sueños, a pesar de haber sido señalado por la derecha más cavernaria del país, en épocas no tan remotas, como incitador a la violencia, al robo, al crimen y sabotaje.


Después de atravesar la soledad densa de las injurias, se le ve siempre sonriente, entre sus tantos viajes por el mundo, cual un ángel moderno de cuello robusto y ojos parecidos al color de los vinos andaluces, levantando su “cabeza de minotauro” y abrazando, como en el poema de Vallejo, a todos los hombres de la tierra y echándose a andar por las trincheras inagotables de los pobres.


Porque Alejandro, hombre de un solo norte, sigue construyendo, día a día, rebelde y dolorosamente, los sueños lejanos, al parecer tan inalcanzables, de la patria. Incluso, dentro del marco de otra zona artística: la pintura. Porque también dibuja y pinta.


Y cómo no habría de ser, si sus poemas se parecen al canto y a la primavera torrencial de los Andes, ya que no transita entre luciérnagas miserables ni cantos interplanetarios y menos es el blasfemador de las “dulces cachetadas”, pues su lugar es el corazón clamante de la tierra, los vientos y recuerdos generosos de la hoguera. Romualdo parece escribir desde el momento preciso en que se origina el alba, entre madreselvas y lluvias, tocando el rocío callado y áspero de las maderas y la sal de los ríos sangrientos, llamando con su voz encolerizada a las flores (“Mi Rosa no es la de Martín“), después de mirar con sus sustanciales ojos las grandes cargas humanas que tienen el olor de los graneros.


Conocido proverbialmente por su esencia polémica y profunda ironía, de él podemos decir lo que alguna vez dijera de Arguedas: “Cuando su obra estalle no hará boom, sino será una obra de muchos megatones”.


Romualdo y la polémica Generación del 50


El poeta pertenece a la llamada Generación del 50 (que fue siempre dividida entre poetas puros y sociales) y su visión es como él, polémica. Escuchémoslo. En esta entrevista realizada hace algunos años:


“La cuestión generacional es polémica. ¿Quiénes conforman esa generación? ¿Cuáles son los denominadores comunes? ¿Qué actitud tienen frente a determinados hechos históricos y artísticos que les sirven de referente y cómo reaccionan hasta convertirse en otra alternativa, en otra propuesta? Si convenimos en que la llamada Generación del 50 tiene un marco histórico y una alternativa que engloba a determinados artistas, políticos, historiadores, podríamos hablar en términos generacionales.”


(¿Y cuáles podrían ser esos términos?): “Durante mucho tiempo tal generación fue satanizada, colmada de invectivas. Nadie quería formar parte de ella. Hoy en día todo el mundo quiere integrarla por su significación histórica, artística, política. Por eso creo que es necesario establecer el marco histórico y las respuestas comunes, ciertas pautas menos subjetivas y más concretas, porque algunos profesores de literatura, muy respetables, hacen demarcaciones demasiado generosas, y, por simpatía, predilección o afinidades, incluyen en esta Generación a quienes en realidad no tienen un denominador común con ella”.


(¿Cuál sería ese marco histórico para ti?): “En el plano local, la lucha antidictatorial contra el gobierno de Odría y el macartismo de Eudocio Ravines. En el plano internacional, la guerra de Corea y la defensa de la revolución cubana”.


(¿Y las propuestas?): “La vuelta a la realidad nacional, al Perú y sus problemas, y en el campo artístico, la propuesta de un NUEVO REALISMO”.


(¿Por qué se incluye a Eielson y Sologuren en dicha Generación?): “Si se incluye a Eielson y a su grupo en el 50, no veo porqué no se incluye a Mario Florián y Gustavo Valcárcel. En realidad, esto no es así. Eielson y Sologuren se inician en la década del 40, publican desde el 40 y ganan premios nacionales en el 40. En esa década se origina, con mucha violencia, incluso con grescas como la del famoso Restaurante “El Patio”, la confrontación entre “puristas” y “sociales”, entre los llamados “Poetas del Pueblo” y los del “Mercurio Peruano”. No se puede olvidar que Florián y Eielson han sido laureados por sus libros “Urpi” y “Reinos”, dos libros claves de la década. La fricción clasista también saca chispas en la poesía”.


(¿Y Sebastián Salazar Bondy?): “SSB es el único sensible a los cambios dentro de los “puristas”, perceptibles en su producción teatral y poética, en su interés por el Perú. Si esto no es así, ¿cómo explicar su viraje, su enfrentamiento a los valores que exaltaban su propio grupo, que integró con Eielson, Sologuren, Deustua e incluso Carlos Alfonso Ríos? La creciente toma de posiciones políticas y revisiones estéticas alarma a sus compañeros de grupo, la retórica surrealista es sustituida por el realismo, los reinos metafóricos son relevados por los reinos de este mundo, aquí se evidencia la presión del 50”.


(¿Por qué esos poetas -los “puristas”- rechazaban la política?): “Yo creo que rechazaban determinadas políticas. En cambio, poetas como Juan Gonzalo Rose o Paco Bendezú sufren destierro por su lucha democrática antidictatorial, lo mismo que Manuel Scorza. Y también frente a hechos históricos como la revolución cubana. Algunos de la Generación del 50 rechazaban las nuevas propuestas estéticas e ideológicas que se iban imponiendo. En nuestra Generación ha corrido mucha sangre: De la Puente, Guillermo Lobatón, Juan Pablo Chang, Máximo Velando, Zapata Bodero, Mercado son héroes de nuestra liberación nacional, pertenecen a la Generación del 50. Ellos también defendieron la palabra del hombre.”


17 de julio de 2006


Juan Cristóbal,
Perú


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